国家谈判药品门诊医保待遇现状、问题及完善措施

2017?2019年国家医保目录准入谈判有效缓解了高值创新药品的“看病贵”难题。但“重住院、轻门诊”医保现状使得谈判药品门诊实际报销水平较低，进而影响患者的健康福利。本文以97个谈判药品、337个统筹市为统计样本，实证分析门诊用药的医保报销情况，结果显示有40个品种在大部分统筹市（统筹市占比超过70%）的实际报销水平低于50%。进一步探究门诊待遇低的原因发现未纳入门诊特殊政策、或门诊特殊政策不完善是其主要原因。最后，本文基于国内各统筹市门诊补偿政策经验提出提高门诊保障待遇的建议与方案，认为各统筹市可通过实现门诊统筹、完善门诊特殊政策、探索创新支付等手段提高谈判药品门诊保障待遇，确保医保目录准入谈判结果落地工作的顺利实施。     

How to implement guidelines and models of care

In subjects older than 50 years, the presence of clinical risk factors (CRFs) for fractures or a recent fracture is the cornerstone for case finding. In patients who are clinically at high short- and long-term risk of fractures (those with a recent clinical fracture or with multiple CRFs), further assessment with bone mineral density (BMD) measurement using dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA), imaging of the spine, fall risk evaluation and laboratory examination contributes to treatment decisions according to the height and modifiability of fracture risk. Treatment is available with anti-resorptive and anabolic drugs, and from the start of treatment a lifelong strategy is needed to decide about continuous, intermittent, and sequential therapy. Implementation of guidelines requires further initiatives for improving case finding, public awareness about osteoporosis and national policies on reimbursement of assessment and therapy.     

多种管控和干预手段促进辅助药品的合理使用

目的： 加强辅助药品的管控和干预，促进临床合理用药。方法： 通过多种管控和干预手段的实施，评价实施前后辅助药品使用的变化。结果： 综合培训、点评、反馈、约谈、奖惩、信息化管理等多种干预手段，辅助药品的使用合理率明显提升。经过管控，我院的辅助药品已基本不在全院药品销售金额排名前20名中，住院人均药品费用与住院人均辅助药品费用稳步下降，分别由2018年第一季度3511.70元和138.50元降至第四季度3344.40元和111.25元。辅助药品销售占比和医院药占比分别由2018年第一季度的2.60%和33.54%下降至第四季度2.24%和31.56%，乌司他丁冻干粉的使用合理率由干预前41.82%升高至100%，芪珍胶囊合理率由51.65%增加至100%。结论： 培训、点评、反馈、约谈、奖惩、信息化管理等多种干预手段相结合能显著减少辅助药品的不合理使用，切实减轻患者的经济负担，促进临床合理用药。     

Berberine ameliorates non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs-induced intestinal injury by the repair of enteric nervous system

The study was to detect the role of GDNF, PGP9.5 (a neuronal marker), and GFAP (EGCs’ marker) in the mechanism of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) related to intestinal injury and to clarify the protective effect of berberine in the treatment of NSAID-induced small intestinal disease. Forty male SD rats were divided randomly into five groups (A–E): Group A: control group; Group B: model group received diclofenac sodium 7.5 mg/(kg*day) for 5 days; Group C–E: berberine low, medium and high dose groups were treated by 7.5 mg/(kg*day) diclofenac sodium for 5 days then received berberine 25 mg/(kg*day), 50 mg/(kg*day), and 75 mg/(kg*day), respectively, between the sixth and eighth day. Intestinal mucosa was taken on the ninth day to observe the general, histological injuries, and to measure the intestinal epithelial thickness. Then, immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of PGP9.5 and GFAP, and Western blot was performed to detect GDNF expression. The histological score and the general score in the model group were, respectively, 5.75 ± 1.04 and 4.83 ± 0.92. Scores in berberine medium and high berberine group were lower compared with the model group (P < 0.05). The intestinal epithelial thickness in the model group was lower than in the control group and the berberine groups (P < 0.05). PGP9.5, GFAP, and GDNF content in the model group and the three berberine groups were significantly lower than in the control groups (P < 0.05). PGP9.5, GFAP, and GDNF content in the control group and the three berberine groups were higher compared with the model groups (P < 0.05). Berberine can protect the intestinal mucosa of NSAID users, and the mechanism is associated with the reparation of the enteric nervous system via upregulating the expression of PGP9.5, GFAP, and GDNF.     

肺腺癌竞争内源性RNA网络的综合分析:基于肿瘤基因组图谱数据库

目的:基于肿瘤基因组图谱数据库（TCGA）架构肺腺癌（LUAD）竞争内源性RNA（ceRNA）网络，鉴定潜在的生存关联性生物标志物，并确定特异性治疗的小分子药物。方法:依据纳入研究标准，利用Edger软件筛选LUAD组织与正常组织(mRNA、lncRNA和miRNA)差异表达的基因。通过miRcode、miRDB、TargetScan和miRanda数据库对差异表达的RNA之间的关系进行分析，构建ceRNA网络。采用Kaplan-Meier方法分析ceRNA网络中的RNA表达量与生存预后的关系，通过富集分析对网络中的mRNA基因功能和调控通路进行分析。通过Cmap数据库筛选治疗LUAD的特异性小分子药物。利用D-lnc软件确定与关键的lncRNA相关的特异性小分子药物。结果:mRNAs(ELAVL2和PBK)、miRNAs(miR-13和miR-210)和lncRNAs(AP002478.1、DSCAM-AS1、LINC00269、LINC00470和LINC00483)与总生存期(OS)关系密切。喜树碱和甲萘醌有可能逆转LUAD的状态。卡铂、多西紫杉醇、帕比司他被确定为与关键lncRNA密切相关的药物。结论:ceRNA网络在LUAD中发挥重要作用，多种差异表达RNA与LUAD预后相关，可能成为潜在的肿瘤诊断标志物和治疗靶点。     

Innovative immunosuppression in kidney transplantation: A challenge for unmet needs

Due to the optimal results obtained in kidney transplantation and to the lack of interest of the industries, new innovative drugs in kidney transplantation are difficult to be encountered. The best strategy to find the new drugs recently developed or under development is to search in the sections of kidney transplantation still not completely covered by the drugs on the market. These unmet needs are the prevention of delayed graft function (DGF), the protection of the graft over the long time and the desensitization of preformed anti human leukocyte antigen antibodies and the treatment of the acute antibody-mediated rejection. These needs are particularly relevant due to the expansion of some kind of kidney transplantation as transplantation from non-heart beating donor and in the case of antibody-incompatible grafts. The first are particularly exposed to DGF, the latter need a safe desensitization and a safe treatments of the antibody mediated rejections that often occur. Particular caution is needed in treating these drugs. First, they are described in very recent studies and the follow-up of their effect is of course rather short. Second, some of these drugs are still in an early phase of study, even if in well-conducted randomized controlled trials. Particular caution and a careful check need to be used in trials launched 2 or 3 years ago. Indeed, is always necessary to verify whether the study is still going on or whether and why the study itself was abandoned.     

Directly observed hepatitis C treatment with opioid substitution therapy in community pharmacies: A qualitative study

BackgroundThe hepatitis C virus (HCV) will only be eliminated through successful engagement with people who inject drugs (PWID), however some of this population experience socioeconomic and individual issues that can lead to poor HCV treatment adherence. A key sub-group of (PWID) are those who receive opioid substitution therapy (OST). In Australia, OST is most often delivered under direct supervision by a community pharmacist every day or multiple times a week. This regular interaction could be an ideal opportunity to enhance direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment adherence under directly observed therapy (DOT) by the pharmacist.AimThe aim of this study was to explore the perspectives of OST patients with a lived experience of HCV to understand whether or not dispensing DAAs in the same way as, or simultaneously with OST would benefit HCV treatment.MethodsData collection occurred from June to August 2017. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of PWID living with HCV and on OST programs (n = 12) in Melbourne, Australia. Interviews were voice recorded and transcribed in verbatim. Interpretive phenomenology guided analysis of the data.ResultsThemes reported by participants that provide insight into the suitability of DOT of DAAs include: Adherence and non-adherence to DAA treatment; Mixed views towards DOT of DAAs; Experiences and perceptions of OST providers; and Perceived stigma in the pharmacy.ConclusionsCommunity pharmacies offering OST may be an effective place for DOT of HCV treatment, but is likely only to benefit people who face significant challenges to adherence. We suggest that a positive pharmacist-patient relationship, high OST adherence, and commitment to reducing stigma in the pharmacy would be necessary for the intervention to be effective. Further research is needed to evaluate the expanded-role of community pharmacies in improving DAA adherence and eliminating HCV.